arada bul - ingilizede tensler

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (Geniş zaman)

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	-	write	I	do	not	write	do	I	write
you	-	write	you	do	not	write	do	you	write
we	-	write	we	do	not	write	do	we	write
they	-	write	they	do	not	write	do	they	write
he	-	writes	he	does	not	write	does	he	write
she	-	writes	she	does	not	write	does	she	write
it	-	writes	it	does	not	write	does	it	write

İşin mantığı: Dünya yuvarlaktır (genel) , Ateş yakar (genel) , İnsanlar acıkır ..... Gibi genel olayları ve durumları vurgulamak için Simple Present tense kullanılır.

1.Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen

2.Most animals kill only for food

3.The world is round

Simple Present tense genelde olan olay ve durumla rı vurgulamak için kullanılır ,bunlar; geçmişte vardı , şu an var , gelecekte de olacak . örn : Dünyanın dönmesi .

1.I study for two hours every night

2.My classes begin at nine

3.He always eats a sandwich for lunch

Simple present tense günlük aktiviteleri ve alışkanlıkları vurgulamak için de kullanılır.

1.I don't recognize that man

2.He needs a pen right now

Belirli fiilerin continuous tense ( şimdiki zaman ) halleri olmadığından bu tens'te kullanılmaları zorunludur.

Aşaıdaki fiiler normalde continuous tenslerle kullanılmazlar

Appreciate	Depend	Hate	Need	See	Understand
Believe	Dislike	Hear	Owe	Seem	Want
Belong	Doubt	İmagine	Own	Seem	İnclude
Care	Envy	Know	Possess	Smell
Consist	Exist	Like	Prefer	Sound
Cost	Fear	Love	Realise	Suppose
Contain	Feel	Mean	Remember	Taste

Sonu s , sh , ch , x ile biten sözcüklerin çoğulu ve fiilerin geniş zaman halleri -es takısı alırlar.

Finish	Finishes
Watch	Watches
Bus	Buses
Box	Boxes

Sonu y ile biten sözcükler - ies takısı alırlar , fakat y nin önünde sesli harf varsa sonuna sadece - s gelir

Study	studies
Try	tries
Baby	babies
Boy	boys

Sonu f veya fe ile biten sözcükler - ves takısıyla çoğul olurlar

knife	knives
shellf	shellves

Geniş zamnada Have fiili he , she , it için has olarak değişir.

· I have a shover everyday

· John has a shover everyday

Sıklık belirten fiiller Sımple present tens'te özneden hemen sonra gelirler

always / Never / often / Sometimes / Usually + Present simple (Geniş zaman)

· Sue always arrives at work early

· I usually go to work by car but sometimes I walk

· Julia never eats breakfast

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) { ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN }

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	am	writing	I	am	not	writing	am	I	writing
you	are	writing	you	are	not	writing	are	you	writing
we	are	writing	we	are	not	writing	are	we	writing
they	are	writing	they	are	not	writing	are	they	writing
he	is	writing	he	is	not	writing	is	he	writing
she	is	writing	she	is	not	writing	is	she	writing
it	is	writing	it	is	not	writing	is	it	writing

Bu tens konuşma anında devam eden (süren) aktiviteleri vurgulamak için kullanılır ( ŞU AN )

John is sleeping right now
I need an umbrella because it is raining
John and marry are talking on phone

Bu tens ayrıca genelde süreklilik halinde olan aktiviteleri vurgulamak için de kullanılır.

I am taking five course this semester
John is trying to improve his work habits
She is writing another book this year

Sonu - e ile biten fiillerde -e düşer - ing gelir

make	making
write	writing
come	coming
dance	dancing

Sonu - ie ile biten fiiller - ying takısı alırlar

lie	lying
die	dying
tie	tying

Eğer tek heceli bir fiilin sonu ( sesli + sessiz ) harf ile bitiyorsa son sessiz ikilenerek - ing takısı alır.

stop	stopping	Bu kuralın istisnası şudur : eğer bir fiilin sonu ( -y ) veya ( - w ) sesizlerinden biri ile bitiyorsa, fiil tek heceli bile olsa son sessiz ikilenmez.
run	running
get	getting
swim	swimming
big	bigger
hot	hotter
thin	thinner
draw	drawing
play	playing

İki veya daha fazla heceli fiilerde son sessizin ikilenmesine gerek yoktur

happen	happening
visit	visiting
remember	remembering

Sonu iki sessizle biten tek heceli fiiler direkt olarak - ing takısı alırlar

help	helping
work	working

SIMPLE PAST ( GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	-	wrote	I	did	not	write	did	I	write
you	-	wrote	you	did	not	write	did	you	write
we	-	wrote	we	did	not	write	did	we	write
they	-	wrote	they	did	not	write	did	they	write
he	-	wrote	he	did	not	write	did	he	write
she	-	wrote	she	did	not	write	did	she	write
it	-	wrote	it	did	not	write	did	it	write

Simple past , geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlamış ve bitmiş bir durum veya aktiviteyi işaret eder.

FORMÜLÜ : Özne + Verb 2 ( Fiilin 2. hali )---- yani Simple past hali

· I walked to school yesterday

· He lived in paris for ten years , but now he is living in rome

· I bought a new car three days ago

Eğer Simple past tense ile kurulmuş bir cümle (When) kalıbını içeriyorsa : when ile başlayan cümle diğerinden önce olmuştur aşağıdaki ilk örnekte önce yağmur başladı sonra ağacın altında durdum ifadesi anlaşılmalıdır.

· I stood under a tree when it began to rain

· when she heard a atrange noise she got up to investigate

· when I dropped my cup , the coffee spilled on my lap

Eğer geçmiş zaman (past tense) ile kullanılan bir cümlenin fiili yoksa geçmiş zamanı belirtmek için : was , were kullanılması zorunludur.

Positive			Negative			Question
	I	was		I	was not		was	I
	You	were		You	were not		were	You
	we	were		we	were not		were	we
	they	were		they	were not		were	they
	he	was		he	was not		was	he
	she	was		she	was not		was	she
	it	was		it	was not		was	it

Last year Rachel was 22 , so she is 23 now
When I was a child , I was afraid of dogs
we were hungry after the journey but we weren't tired
the hotel was comfortable but it wasn't expensive
was the weather good when you were on holiday
those shoes are nice . were they expensive
why were you late this morning

PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) ( GEÇMİŞTE SÜREKLİLİK )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	was	writing	I	was	not	writing	was	I	writing
he	was	writing	he	was	not	writing	was	he	writing
she	was	writing	she	was	not	writing	was	she	writing
it	was	writing	it	was	not	writing	was	it	writing
we	were	writing	we	were	not	writing	were	we	writing
you	were	writing	you	were	not	writing	were	you	writing
they	were	writing	they	were	not	writing	were	they	writing

İşin Mantığı : geçmişte süregelen bir eylem kesintiye uğruyor. Örn: dün tam okula yürürken yağmur başladı ( yürüme eylemi sürerken , bu ylemin belirli bir yerinde yağmur eyleminin devreye girmesi)
1. I was walking down the street when it began to rain 2. While I was walking down the street,it began to rain 3. I was standing under a tree when it began to rain	1. de Önce caddeden aşağıya yürüyordum,sonra yağmur başladı.Örneklerde iki eylemde aynı zamanda meydana geliyor fakat biri, diğeri başladığında ,daha önce başlayıp süreklilik halin dedir.
4. At eight o'clock last night , I was studying 5. Last year at this time I was attending school	4. örnekte : Benim çalışmam 8'den önce başladı ve 8'de ben çalışıyordum, muhtemelen çalışmam sonrasın dada devam etti
6. While I was studying in one room of our apartment my roommate was having a party in the other room	Eğer iki eylem benzer şekilde süreklilik halindeyse Past continuous cümlenin iki bölümündede kullanı labilir (baazen)
7. It rained this morning 8. It was raining	Baazı durumlarda simple past ve past continuous aynı anlamı verebilir (7 ve 8 deki gibi)

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ( Türkçede karşılığı yok )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	have	written	I	have	not	written	have	I	written
you	have	written	you	have	not	written	have	you	written
we	have	written	we	have	not	written	have	we	written
they	have	written	they	have	not	written	have	they	written
he	has	written	he	has	not	written	has	he	written
she	has	written	she	has	not	written	has	she	written
it	has	written	it	has	not	written	has	it	written

1. They have moved into a new aparttment.

2. Have you ever visited Mexico.

3. I have already seen that movie.

4. I have never seen snow

Present Perfect şu fikri vurgular: Şu andan önce meyda na gelmiş veya gelmemiş birşeyi anlatırken kesin zaman ın önemli olmadığı durumlar. (Eğer belirli bir zaman var sa Simple past kullanılır.)

5. We have had four tests so far this semester

6. I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks.

7. I have met many people since I came here in june

8. I have flown on an airplane many times

Present perfect birde şu andan önceki bir aktivitenin tekrarını vurgular,her tekrarın kesin zamanı önemli değildir

9. I have been here since seven o'clock

10.We have been here for two weeks

11.I have had this same pair of shoes for three years

12.I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child

Present perfect tense ayrıca for ve since ile kullanı labilir. O zaman şunu vurgular: Bir durum geçmişte başlmış şu anda da devam ediyor

Since + belirli bir zaman ( since : denberi )

For + zamanın sürekliliği ( For : dır )

Present Perfect Simple nin kullanımları

1.kullanımı: Geçmişte başlamış ve bugüne kadar devam eden bir zaman periyodundan bahsediyorsak bu tensi kullanmak zorundayız. Bu zaman periyodu bütün hayatımızdaki deneyimleri kapsayabilir. Hayatımız da herhangi bir deneyimi yaşayıp yaşamadığımız bu tens ile sorulur.

Have you ever been to China ( Hiç çinde bulundunmu? )
Have you ever eaten caviar ( Hiç havyar yedinmi ? )
I haven't been to India ( Hindistanda hiç bulunmadım )
We have never had a car ( Hiçbir zaman arabamız olmadı )
It's the most boring film I've ever seen . (Hayatımda gördüğüm en sıkıcı film.)
I haven't eaten anything since breakfast ( Kahvaltıdan beri hiçbirşey yemedim )

2.kullanım: Present perfect kullanıldığında genellikle bugün ile bir bağlantı vardır. Eğer geçmişte olmuş bir eylemin sonucu bugünü etkiliyorsa yine bu tens kullanılır.

Where's your key ? I don't know. I 've lost it ( Şu an anahtarım yok )
He told me his name but I 've forgotten it ( Adını söylemişti fakat unuttum )
I can't find my bag. Have you seen it ? ( Çantamı bulamıyorum, onu gördünmü?)

3.kullanım: Geçmişle bugünü bağlayan bir köprü olarak kullanılır.

I started learninig english in september

I am still lerning english

I have lerned English since september (Eylülden beri ingilizce öğreniyorum)-üstteki iki cümleyi birleştirdi.

Ayşe is my best friend

I met Ayşe seven years ago

I have known her for 7 years ( onu yedi yıldır tanıyorum )

I am a teacher

I started teaching 20 years ago

I have been a teacher for 20 years. ( 20 yıldır öğretmenim )

Gone (to) ve been (to) arasındaki farklılık

Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain (Jim ispanyaya gitti ve hala orada)
Jane has been to Italy . (Jane italyaya gitti ve geri geldi )

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	have	been writing	I	have	not	been writing	have	I	been writing
you	have	been writing	you	have	not	been writing	have	you	been writing
we	have	been writing	we	have	not	been writing	have	we	been writing
they	have	been writing	they	have	not	been writing	have	they	been writing
he	has	been writing	he	has	not	been writing	has	he	been writing
she	has	been writing	she	has	not	been writing	has	she	been writing
it	has	been writing	it	has	not	been writing	has	it	been writing

Present Perfect continuous , yakın zamanda veya henüz sona ermiş bir aktivitenin ifadesinde kullanılabilir

bu aktivitenin şu an ile bağlantısı vardır.

Örn : Eve gittiniz çocuğunuzun gözleri kıpkırmızı ve ne olduğunu öğreneceksiniz . What have you been doing demeniz lazım ( What are you doing olmaz.)

Örn : A şahsı avrupa turuna çıkmış ve B şahsıyla ispanyada karşılaşıyor A' nın gideceği yerler sıralı :

1. France

2. England

3.Spain

4. Germany

5. Italy

A: What have you been doing ? ( Ne yapıyorsun )

B: I have been traveling around Europe

(eğer A şahsı : What are you doing deseydi , B şahsı o anda ne yapıyorsa onu söylerdi , alışveriş yapıyo rum vs. derdi.)

A: Which countries have you visited

B: I have visited France and England and now I'm in Spain , I haven't been Germany and Italy yet.

Right now I am sitting at my desk.

1. I have been sitting here since seven o'clock.

2. I have been sitting here for two hours

3. You have been studying for five straight hourse

Bu tens bir aktivitenin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için kullanılır.Sözü edilen aktivite geçmişte başladı ve şu an devam etmektedir. Tense bu anlamı zamanı simgeleyen kelimelerle veririz. Bunlar :

For , Since , all morning , all day , all week.

5. I have been thinking about changing my major.

6. All of the students have been studying hard .Final exams start next week.

7. My back hurts , so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. the bed is too soft.

Presen perfect continuous tens zamanın herhangi bir spesifik anlamı dışında kullanıldığında, genel bir aktivitenin son zamanlardaki sürekliliğini vurgular.

8. I have lived here since 1985

I have been living here since 1985

9. he has worked at the same store for ten years

He has been working at the same store for ten years

Live , work , teach gibi continuous tensleri olan fiillerle since veya for kullanıldığında , present perfect continuous ile present perfect simple arasın da pek bir fark olmaz. Yandaki örneklerde pek bir anlam farkı yoktu

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( PROGRESSIVE )

POSITIVE			NEGATIVE				QUESTION
I	had	been writing	I	had	not	been writing	had	I	been writing
you	had	been writing	you	had	not	been writing	had	you	been writing
we	had	been writing	we	had	not	been writing	had	we	been writing
they	had	been writing	they	had	not	been writing	had	they	been writing
he	had	been writing	he	had	not	been writing	had	he	been writing
she	had	been writing	she	had	not	been writing	had	she	been writing
it	had	been writing	it	had	not	been writing	had	it	been writing

Geçmişte olmuş iki eylem var ve bunlardan önce olanın sürekliliği past perfect continuous tense ile vurgu lanır.

1. Our game of tennis was interrupted. we'd been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain very havily.

2. Ken give up smoking two years ago. He'd been smoking for 30 years.

1. The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him

2. The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for almost an hour before a doctor finally treated her

3. He finally came at six o'clock I had been waiting for him since four - thirty.

Past perfect continuous: geçmişte bir eylemden önce başka bir eylemin süreklilik içerisinde oldu ğunu vurgular.

4. When judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming

5.Her eyes were red because she had been crying

Bu tens ayrıca geçmişteki bir eyleme yakın zamanlı fakat ondan daha önce olan bağlantısız bir eylemin sürekliliğini vurgulamak için de kulanılır.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (Gelecek te süreklilik)

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

will

writing

will

not

writing

will

writing

you

will

writing

you

will

not

writing

will

you

writing

will

writing

will

not

writing

will

writing

they

will

writing

they

will

not

writing

will

they

writing

will

writing

will

not

writing

will

writing

she

will

writing

she

will

not

writing

will

she

writing

will

writing

will

not

writing

will

writing

I will be doing something = birşeyler yapıyor olacağım ( bir eylemin ortasında olacağım )

Örn : The football match begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:15 so during this time ,for example 8:30 , Kevin will be watching the match.

- This time tomorrow I'll be travelling through france

- In the 21 st century, people will be living to the age of 130

1. I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight . I will be studying when you come.

2. Right now I am sitting in class . At the same time tomorrow I will be sitting in class.

The future continuous tense gelecek zamanda bir aktivitenin süreklilik halinde olacağını vurgular.

3. Don't call me at nine , because I won't be home .I am ging to be studying at the library.

be going to nun continuous formu:

be going to + be + - ing

4. Don't get impatient . She will be coming soon

5. Don't get impatient . She will come soon

Baazen future continuous ile simple future arasında çok çok az bir farklılık vardır veya hiçbir farklılık yoktur. Özellikle gelecekteki olay belirsiz bir zaman da meydana gelmişse.

Not : teklif sorularında mutlaka shall kullan . will kullanma

shall we phone to see what time the film start
shall I carry that heavy case for you

FUTURE PERFECT ( Gelecekte geçmiş )

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

QUESTION

will

have

written

will

not

have

written

will

have

written

you

will

have

written

you

will

not

have

written

will

you

have

written

will

have

written

will

not

have

written

will

have

written

they

will

have

written

they

will

not

have

written

will

they

have

written

will

have

written

will

not

have

written

will

have

written

she

will

have

written

she

will

not

have

written

will

she

have

written

will

have

written

will

not

have

written

will

have

written

Future Perfect tense : Gelecekte , kesin bir zamandan önce birşeyin tamamlanmış olacağını vurgular Örn: 1.He will have finished his exams by december.

2.Kevin's football match ends at 9:15 so after this time ,for example at 9:30 the matcah will have finished.

3.Sally always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning , so she will not be at home at 9 o'clock.She will have gone to work. ( sally sabahları daima 8:30 da işe gider bundan dolayı saat 9 da evde olmayacak,işe gitmiş olacak)

4.We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema ( Geç kaldık, biz sinema ya varana kadar film başlamış olacak.)

5.When their first child was born ,they had been married for three years. - past perfect

Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years - present perfect

Next year they will have been married for 25 years - future perfect

· I will graduate in june . I will see you in july. By the next time I see you , I will have graduat ed

· I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.

The future perfect tense : Gelecekte başka bir zaman veya olaydan önce tamamlanmış bir aktiviteyi vurgular.